INDIAN POETICS

To understand what is Indian poetics in deep meaning Dr. Vinod Joshi took a lecture for this. He talks about rasa, dhavni, auchitya,  riti, alankar and many other topics.Here I wrote all of these according  to my understanding. 

Here in Indian poetics there are 6 main critics, who talk about all these topics.

Anand vardhan, kuntank, bhamah, abhinavagupta,  kshemendra, rajshekhar

Six sampraday 

Rasa samprday

Dhwani sampraday 

Vakrokti sampraday

Riti sampraday 

Alankar  sampraday 

Auchitya  sampraday 

Dr. Vinod Joshi sir also gave us the definition  of the poem .

What is a poem?

शब्दार्थ  सहित  काव्य

Poem means where there are words or meaning it is called a poem.

 Rasa samprday 

On this ras samprday rajshekhar wrote a book on it the name of this book kavyamimamsa  

in this book he told that creator should  have two capacity

1.capacity to create something

2. Capacity to experience  something.

 Bharatmuni also talks that how to generate  rasa  in literature

Here  bharatmuni who is originator  of this sampraday gave the definition  of  how the रस  निष ् पत ् ति  take  a place In literature. 

विभव अनुभव व्यभिचारी संयोगा रस निष्पत्ति

As per bharat muni there are 8 rasas  in  natya shastra bharatamuni also added 9th rasa in this. 

9 Rasa of Indian poetics 

શુંગાર  રસ

કરૂણ  રસ

વીર  રસ

રૌદ્ર રસ

હાસ્ય રસ

ભયાનક  રસ

બિભત્સ  રસ 

શાંત  રસ

અદ્ભુત  રસ

There in the rasa theory four speakers throw light on this theory 

Bhatt lolatt:uttptivaad 

As per bhatt loatt rasa generated from the character,before that rasa has no existence at all.

Shree shankuk:Anumiti vaad

 As per shankuk  Rasa has no existence  at all,it has assumption.

Bhatt nayak:sadharni karan

 સાધારણ  means common, which is gave us experience  of rasa.

Abhinav gupta:

As per abhinavagupta  rasa is neither  generated  nor assumption. It has given the readers pleasure. 

As per bharat there is four types of acting

1.organic acting (આંગિક અભિનય)

2.Reading acting (વાંચીક અભિનય)

3.Satvik acting. (સાત્વિક  અભિનય)

4.   Dietary acting   (આહાર્ય અભિનય)

Dhwani sampraday 

काव्यास्यात्मां ध्वनिरीति ।

        -Anandvardhana

 The Dhvani doctrine is not explicitly indicated in grammar.  But Dhvani is alluded to in some satirical metaphors.  The word sound is used in five senses in poetry,

1વ્યંજક શબ્દ

2વ્યંજક અર્થ

3વ્યંજના શક્તિ

4વ્યંગ્યાર્થ

5વ્યંગ્યાર્થ પ્રધાન ધ્વનિકાવ્ય

Here as per Anand vardhan three types of dhvani 

વસ્તુ ધ્વનિ:માત્ર  વિચારો  વિશેનો ધ્વનિ એટલે  વસ્તુ ધ્વનિ

અલંકાર  ધ્વનિ:અલંકાર  વાક્ય  મા ભાર લાવવા  નું કાર્ય  કરે  છે. 

રસ ધ્વનિ : આ ધ્વનિ કાવ્ય મા રસ  ઉત્પન્ન  કરે  છે. 

Anand Vardhan  use a word પ્રતિયમાન  અર્થ. For this dhwani sampraday 

What is meaning of pratiyaman 

પ્રતિયમાન એટલે  જે  છે  તે  નહીં  એ સિવાય  બીજું  સમજાય  તે 

Vakrokti sampraday 

For understanding of  this vakrokti  kuntaka  Is originator  of this sampraday He has called Vakrokti the soul of poetry and has given a book called  "vakrokti jivita"

In this book he gave 6 types of vakrokti. 

1 વર્ણ  વર્ણવિન્યાસ વક્રતા

2પદ પૂર્વાર્ધ વક્રતા

3પ્રત્યય વક્રતા

4વાક્ય વક્રતા

5પ્રકરણ વક્રતા

6પ્રબંધ વક્રતા

Kuntak also tries to incorporate Dhvani into Vakrokti.  Its influence was such that the phonological principles of the past were compelled to consider the types of Dhvani as Vakrokti. Thus irony (Vakrokti) is the predominant principle of genre science.  Kuntak rightly said that, 

विचित्रैव अभिधा वक्रोक्तिरित्युच्यते ।

એટલે કે વિચિત્ર પ્રકારની અભિધા એ વક્રોક્તિ કહેવાય છે.

Alankar  sampraday 

The originator  of this alankar sampraday was bhamah  according  to him alankar I only which creates a more interesting poem and for deep understanding  of this he wrote the book named kavya alankar. 

T.s eliot also said about this that  figure of speech(અલંકાર) is objective  also It is co relative.

Here are three types of alankar.

1.શબ્દ અલંકાર :in this type of alankar only word give pleasure to readers.

2. અર્થાલંકાર:meaning of the word gave pleasure to readers.

3.ઊભયા લંકાર:meaning  and word both gave pleasure to readers

Riti sampraday 

Riti means style  as it  said in sanskrit that, 

शीले  भवा शैली 

The promoter of the Riti sect is the Vamana.  In his treatise entitled "કાવ્યાલંકારસુત્રવૃત્તિ" he defines ritual as follows, 

रीतिरात्मा काव्यस्य ।

("રીતિ એ કાવ્ય નો આત્મા છે")

According to Vamana  a true creator  should have his own style . Style is the soul of creation. The style has three different section and that is 

1Style as per country

2Style as per language 

3Style as per nature 

Auchitya samprday

The Auchitya (justification) principle of Indian literary philosophy is known as the Auchitya (justification) sect or theory of Acharya Kshemendra.  The idea of ​​justification comes from Bharata's Natyashastra.  For example, in a play, costume, speed, text, acting, etc.

જ્યાં  કોઈ  ખામી કે  ક્ષતિ  નથી  તેને  ઔચિત્ય  કહેવાય. 

According  to kshemndra auchitya  is primary factor of literature.

 Conclusion 
To wind up we can say that different sects of poetry are obtained.  In which some make the inner beauty of poetry the best, some emphasize the outer beauty.  In this way care is taken that there is no fault in the poem.  Emphasis is placed on certain parts of poetry or certain perspectives on poetry.  As a result 6 schools of poetry emerged. 

second coming:context of pandemic in the poem

(1)pandemic reading of second coming

Here in this blog I have wrote on poem of Yeats second coming. This poem has three different context. Here I connect this poem with pandemic. that how pandemic is connect with this poem which is given as a task here I wrote this blog as a response . To know more about this task

Click here

About W.B.Yeats

William Butler Yeats (13 June 1865 – 28 January 1939) was an Irish poet, dramatist, writer and one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature. He was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival and became a pillar of the Irish literary establishment who helped to found the Abbey Theatre, and in his later years served two terms as a Senator of the Irish Free State.

The second coming

Turning and turning in the widening gyre   

The falcon cannot hear the falconer;

Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;

Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,

The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere   

The ceremony of innocence is drowned;

The best lack all conviction, while the worst   

Are full of passionate intensity.

Surely some revelation is at hand;

Surely the Second Coming is at hand.   

The Second Coming! Hardly are those words out   

When a vast image out of Spiritus Mundi

Troubles my sight: somewhere in sands of the desert   

A shape with lion body and the head of a man,   

A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun,   

Is moving its slow thighs, while all about it   

Reel shadows of the indignant desert birds.   

The darkness drops again; but now I know   

That twenty centuries of stony sleep

Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,   

And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,   

Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?

 The poem is written by William Butler  Yeats.  As per my understanding Here in the poem the readers can read this poem with three contexts.

Biblical reading

Political reading

Pandemic reading

Here I connect the poem with pandemic.

About the poem

The Second Coming" is one of W.B. Yeats's most famous poems. Written in 1919 soon after the end of World War I, it describes a deeply mysterious and powerful alternative to the Christian idea of the Second Coming—Jesus's prophesied return to the Earth as a savior announcing the Kingdom of Heaven. The poem's first stanza describes a world of chaos, confusion, and pain. The second, longer stanza imagines the speaker receiving a vision of the future, but this vision replaces Jesus's heroic return with what seems to be the arrival of a grotesque beast. With its distinct imagery and vivid description of society's collapse, "The Second Coming" is also one of Yeats's most quoted poems.

When Yeats has  started writing this poem he was in very tensed mood.he was not going through the normal mood.when the poem was wrote it is eventful month of January.

Pandemic reading:

It is very necessary part in today's  time that 

Read the poem with the connection of the pandemic because in today's  time we have a corona pandemic  throughout  the world.

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The ceremony of innocence is drowned;

The best lack all conviction, while the worst   

Are full of passionate intensity.

 When the readers read these lines they easily connect with pandemic or in the lockdown  time. Because at that  time the best people are wearing masks  and staying at home.when the worst people  are  Roaming  outside without any fear.

Due to pandemic everything is falling apart and no one can control things. Lots of people are dying on that time, committed suisideIn that pandemic  time no one left to talk about sanity. On that pandemic  time innocence  became valueless.

The readers can compare this poem with pandemic time everything is disintegration on that time even if lots of struggle done by the medical officer  but it can't  work during the  time of pandemic

 

 So, as. We know that people became more religious at that pandemic  time. the readers can relate this poem with this pandemic  time so when the readers read this line

A shape with lion body and the head of a man,  

So it can be that the people of Christian religion are waiting for the second coming  of Jesus christ. Likewise in hindu religion the hindu people are waiting for some extraordinary  soul. In the pandemic time people are hoping  that some miracle will happen in that  worst time.

It can also be argued that when the poet wrote the poem many events has happened  The main event which compare with this time is spanish flu and his wife Georgiana  Hyde lees who was pregnant she was stricken  by  that Spanish flu.Like wise many pragent women are striken by the corona pandamic  also many Pragent women striken by the virusduring that  pandamic time.so this poem  has pandamic  connection.

( 2) critical analysis of any other poem written by W.B.YEATS.

 About the poem

Death' is not perhaps numbered among the most famous poems by W. B. Yeats (1865-1939), but it is probably the shortest of all his finest poems. In just a dozen lines, Yeats examines human attitudes to death, contrasting them with an animal's ignorance of its own mortality.

                          Death

Nor dread nor hope attend

A dying animal;

A man awaits his end

Dreading and hoping all;

Many times he died,

Many times rose again,

A great man in his pride

Confronting murderous men

Casts derision upon

Supersession of breath;

He knows death to the bone –

Man has created death.

Analysis of the poem

Here Yeats compares the sense of humans  with the sense of animals. Here the reader can argue that the human has power, personality as well as mind and consciousness  also, but it is  true that the readers or can not decide that animals  has not so conscious.we don't  know if they are conscious or not as well as we can't  say that animals  are not conscious. Here  Yeats  also says that animals have no hope of life after death as the human being has.

Here Yeats also makes a reference of  Shakespeare's  Julius Caesar as in that text the dialogue  is used that "cowards are killed Many times before their death.

Indeed, a ‘great man’, one who has to deal with, and confront, men who commit murder, has learnt to ridicule man’s fixation upon death, which is described as mere ‘Supersession of breath’. ‘Supersession’ is an intriguing word here. It means ‘cessation’ or ‘discontinuance’,

The poem, then, suggests an ambivalence: when we breathe our last breath on this earth, do we merely replace one kind of existence with another? What happens to us when we die?

Not that these questions trouble the ‘great man’ Yeats mentions: he ‘knows death to the bone’ and knows that ‘Man has created death’  , that is, death is a man-made concept. Yeats is not denying that men die; what he is rejecting here is the notion that death or mortality is something we should dwell too much upon.

an animal does not live its life governed by questions of what happens when it shuffles off this mortal coil, or what might await it after it’s breathed its last on this earth.

ABOUT WAR POETRY

Here in this blog I have  written about war poetry. Which I gave as a part of my thinking activity.

What is war poetry:

War poetry is a literary genre that developed during the period of the world wars. The term was coined by Randall Jarrell in his essay “The Literature of War” (1961). Jarrell defines war poetry as “a poem that has as its theme war and that is written during or about a war”.

Main idea of war poetry:

War poetry is not necessarily 'anti-war'. It is, however, about the very large questions of life: identity, innocence, guilt, loyalty, courage, compassion, humanity, duty, desire, death.

ABOUT WASTE LAND

 About T.S Eliot

Born in St. Louis, Missouri, to a prominent Boston Brahmin family, he moved to England in 1914 at the age of 25 and went on to settle, work, and marry there.He became a British citizen in 1927 at the age of 39, subsequently renouncing his American citizenship.

Eliot first attracted widespread attention for his poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" in 1915, which, at the time of its publication, was considered outlandish.[5]. It was followed by "The Waste Land" (1922), "The Hollow Men" (1925), "Ash Wednesday" (1930), and Four Quartets (1943).[6] He was also known for seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral (1935) and The Cocktail Party (1949). He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948, "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry".

About waste land

The Waste Land is a poem by T. S. Eliot, widely regarded as one of the most important poems of the 20th century and a central work of modernist poetry.Published in 1922, the poem first appeared in the United Kingdom in the October issue of Eliot's The Criterion and in the United States in the November issue of The Dial. It was published in book form in December 1922. Among its famous phrases are "April is the cruellest month", "I will show you fear in a handful of dust", and the mantra in the Sanskrit language "Shantih shantih shantih".

In the poem Waste Land  there are 5 parts. 

1.The burial of death

2.A Game of chess

3.The Fire sermon

4.Death by water

5. What the thunder said.

Poem is made of collage of images. Apart from these images the poem is nothing.the poem is full of images, myths , allusions .

In the first part of the poem there is a landscape  scene. Myth of isolde and hyacinth. In the first part the character of Marie is introduced.

 In the poem oscillation  between past and present. The main purpose of this writing style is whatever Is happening has already happened in the past.

In the second part of the poem there are images of a xylography in a lady's chamber,  wooden carving, and the myth of philomela. Here the poet wants to say that women are responsible  for all types of spiritual values, as well as character.  In short, in this part the poet talks about the scene of a woman chatting with a man.

In the third part there is a  scene of a riverbank,  a rattle of bones, which  symbolises spirituality,  and a rat is a symbol of filth and soliderness. In the part there are also contrasting images of saviour and normal human beings.

In the fourth part  poet want to say that 

do not to be proud

Be humble

Practice humanity 

In the final part  there  is a reference of brihad aarynka upanishad. There are three DA . 

DA-Damyata-self control-godly being

DA-Datta-Giver-human being

DA-Dayadhvam-compassion-Demons

poem ends with shanti shanti shanti means peace that passes and understanding 

Pandemic  reading of the poem Waste land

The Waste Land not only captures elements of pandemic actual phase, both the individual and collective  level.

Through the pandemic reading of the poem, the readers came across the  fact that Eliot and his wife Vivian had caught the virus in Dec. 1918 in the second wave of the pandemic. 

As it is described in the letter that the atmosphere  of the pandemic of influenza and illness. Eliot's letters were a morocrom of the broader pandemic climate.

One may question that if pandemic has so enghlifting  the mind and the body , so why Eliot not referred directly  In the poem

Well, in that case it worth considering

The mesmic resolve of this pandemic experience influences every part  of the poem.

Pandemic impact on consciousness and the physical and mentally also.

Here I attached the link of tabular information   list of Waste land like birds, animals, languages etc.

5.tabular information of birds, animals etc. in Waste land