Astronomy - Of Our Universe

 

 Early people had a different picture of universe people believe that the Earth is a flat plays as it does not have a secular shape but with the development of science and especially physically gave answers to some of the questions which were not answer for years together. Aristotle in his book talks about to basis
argument,

1)    He came know that the Eclipse of the moon was because of the Earth between the sun and the moon.

2)    The North Star appeared lower in the sky when seen from the southern side. 340 before crests.

                        

 Aristotle believe that the Earth was stagnant and the Moon, sun and plants revolved around but it was in the second century AD that the complete model was built with the name of five plants.

1)    Mercury

2)    Venus

3)    Mars

4)    Jupiter

5)    Saturn

       

                       It was in 1540 that Copernicus for the first time set that sun stagnant and all the other plant revolved around the sun but After hundred years to scientist Johannes Kipper and Goalie supported the idea of Copernicus later on science started developing and in the year of 1684. Sir Isccas Newton gave as the theory of the Law of Gravitation according of this law. It is the gravity which makes the moon to revolve around the earth gravitational force also had its effect on the movement of stars and its infinity and therefore it as impossible to have a static module of the universe in which gravity is always attractive, Because of development of science people came to known about the general climate of the universe as a result the entire universe was now no longer a big question. Most of the people belive that the universe is unchanging and static but in the year 1929 Edwin Hubble found out that the galaxies are moving away from us and as a result we came to known about the big bang theory therefore people stated believing that there are physical reasons of the begging of the universe and it is not got who has created the universe.

                                   One cannot known the begging or the end of universe has  any theory is provisional and therefore hypothetical according Karl Copper any good theory is outcome of multiple observation and the goal of science it’s to provided a single theory for whole universe but it is very difficult to do so. As the observation, effects and its representation change from time to time ad to come to final conclusion is almost impossible till today there is no theory of the structure of the universe in order to calculate that orbits. Scientist today explain the universe into basic theory's

1)    The general theory of relativity

2)    Quantum mechanics.

                                   The theory of relativity describes the gravitational force the quantum mechanics talks about the smallest phenomenon of the university.

                  Physic today is searching for a new theory which can accommodate both the theories both of this theories are partial in nature. In order to discover the complete unified theory is very difficult start and people are still trying to search for the perfect answer on universe.     

Reching to the stars Kalpna chawla

 

Reaching for the stars talks  about a rare individual named Kalpana Chawla, who is supposed to be India’s first women astronaut which itself is a rare feet. She was born and brought up in a very normal middle class family with two of a sisters and a brother. She personifies grit and determination because during her journey towards being Indian’s first women astronaut, she came across a lot many social barriers supported excellently by her parents. In spite of the fact that there was very low value attached to education for a girl child in the society.

                As usual there were lots of problems with regard to her family who were not convinced of sending her to Chandigarh for further studies, but later on she was successful in convincing her parents for the same.

                          Even at Punjab engineering collage she was persuaded not too apt for aeronautical engineering but the determined girl that she was. She never looked back at going for other specialization Punjab engineering collage helped her in building a strong foundation for her future studies.

                     She was very committed as an individual and by the end of her undergraduate course. She had already decided to the University of TEXAS as it had excellent teaching and research opportunities.  The same problem regard to her family came up and she solved it as usual and took a giant step towards excellence in the year 1982.Everybody at the university of Texas were amazed by her strong ambition and focus .She spent hours together at the library and at research led to equip herself for future.

                     Looking at her social life, we come to know that she got married in the year 1983 with a American. Her fearness with regard to this decision of her got the acceptance from her family and relatives .After getting through her master program, she enrolled herself for P.HD In mechanical engineering but later on shifted her topic to aerospace engineering as it was her passion and completed it in the year 1988.

              After her doctorate she joined NASA research center in California were in her work involved simulation of complex air- flows and applied for becoming an astronaut .At the NASA space center .Adding another further became the wise president and research scientist in the year 1993.She was also found dancing and enroll herself as a student Abina Dance Academy between the year 1992 and 1994.

                     Her passion finally got shape when she was selected for an interview medical evaluation by NASA from 2962 applicants as one of the 122 selected in Nov, 1997. She was finally selected to go into space as one of the six crew members on broad the Columbia shuttle’s STS- 87 mission .AS a mission specialist. It is said that she never forget her first sight of the earth from the shuttle .She was later on  appointed as crew representative for the STS-107 again aboard the Columbia space shuttle on the a 16 day mission in order to research  micro-gravity.

                                 It was a perfect launch and every crew member worked according to plan but on the 1st  Feb 2003 when the space shuttle was ready to reenter the earth atmosphere, all the communication suddenly snapped and after sometime the shuttle broke into a series of white spots accompanied by a loud sound. It was a together beyond imagination as there were no survivors at all.

Thinking Activity The Only Story

Brief Summary of The only Story by Barns

 Julian Barnes' novel "The Only Story" tells the story of Paul, a young man in the 1960s who falls in love with Susan, a married woman over twice his age. The novel is split into three parts, with each section reflecting on a different stage in their relationship.

The first part explores the intensity and passion of their initial love affair, which is tinged with a sense of rebellion and youthful idealism. The second part delves into the challenges and complications that arise as their relationship progresses, including Susan's alcoholism and the disapproval of their families and friends.

In the final part, Paul reflects on the long-lasting impact of this relationship on his life, as he struggles to come to terms with the painful memories and difficult emotions it has left him with. Throughout the novel, Barnes explores themes of memory, love, loss, and the human tendency to idealize and romanticize past experiences.

Character Analysis by using Chat GPT

Main character of the novel

The main character of Julian Barnes' novel "The Only Story" is Paul, a young man who falls in love with Susan, a married woman more than twice his age. Paul is an introspective and sensitive individual who is searching for meaning and purpose in his life. His relationship with Susan is trans formative, providing him with a sense of excitement, passion, and purpose that he has never experienced before.

As the novel progresses, Paul struggles with the complications and challenges of their relationship, including Susan's alcoholism and the disapproval of their families and friends. He also grapples with the long-lasting impact of this relationship on his life, as he reflects on the painful memories and difficult emotions it has left him with. Throughout the novel, Paul's character evolves, as he confronts the complexities of love, loss, and the human tendency to idealize and romanticize past experiences.

Major themes in the novel Using Chat GPT

1. Love and relationships: The novel explores the complexities and challenges of love and relationships, particularly those between people of different ages and life stages. It also looks at the impact that past relationships can have on a person's present and future.

2. Memory and nostalgia: Barnes examines the role of memory and nostalgia in shaping our perceptions of the past and influencing our present and future experiences. He suggests that our memories can be both beautiful and painful, and that our interpretations of the past are subjective and shaped by our personal experiences.

3. Aging and mortality: The novel considers the experiences of aging and mortality, particularly from the perspective of Susan, who is facing the end of her life. It also examines how aging and mortality impact our relationships and how we come to terms with our own mortality. gret and loss: The novel delves into the themes of regret and loss, particularly the loss of opportunities, relationships, and youth. It examines how these feelings can shape our experiences and impact our sense of self.

Documentation: Preparing the List of work cited

Hello! This blog is a response to an assigned task by Megha Trivedi ma’am. It deals with Documentation: Preparing  the List of work cited in which i we have to written one book review and cited the works. i have written book review of Untouchable.

About Author

Mulk Raj Anand, (born December 12, 1905,  peshawar [now in Pakistan]—died September 28, 2004, Pune), prominent Indian author of novels, short stories, and critical essays in English, who is known for his realistic and sympathetic portrayal of the poor in India. He is considered a founder of the English-language Indian Novel

"Untouchable" is a novel written by Mulk Raj Anand that explores the plight of the untouchables in Indian society. Anand depicts the life of Bakha, a young sweeper boy, who is born into a lower caste family and is forced to face social discrimination and prejudice throughout his life. The novel is set in the 1930s during the time of British  rule in India and highlights the brutal reality of the caste system.

The novel presents a powerful and emotional portrayal of the life of Bakha and his community. Through Bakha's experiences, Anand highlights the inherent cruelty of the caste system and its impact on individuals and society. The novel is a poignant and insightful critique of the caste system in India and its effects on the lives of those who are considered "untouchables."

Anand's writing style is simple yet powerful, which allows the reader to connect with the characters and their struggles. The novel's theme of social justice and equality is relevant even today, and the message of the novel remains timeless.

The novel has received widespread critical acclaim, and it has been translated into several languages. Here are some of the critical reviews of the novel:

According to Professor Rajeshwar Mittapalli, "Anand's "Untouchable" is a powerful indictment of the caste system and its impact on individuals and society. The novel's strength lies in its ability to depict the harsh reality of the caste system through the eyes of its protagonist."

In her review, Nidhi Sharma notes, "Anand's novel is a moving portrayal of the life of Bakha and his community. The novel's message is clear - caste-based discrimination and prejudice have no place in a just society."

In his review, Professor P. Venkatachalapathy writes, "Anand's "Untouchable" is a masterpiece of Indian literature. The novel's depiction of the inhumanity of the caste system is a powerful critique of the social order in India."

According to Professor K. N. Panikkar, "Anand's "Untouchable" is a classic of modern Indian literature. The novel's portrayal of the life of Bakha and his community is a vivid and honest account of the reality of the caste system."

In his review, Professor M. Asaduddin writes, "Anand's novel is a compelling critique of the caste system in India. The novel's message is that social justice and equality are essential for a just society."

Overall, "Untouchable" is a powerful and moving novel that sheds light on the brutal reality of the caste system in India. Anand's writing style, combined with his insightful critique of the social order in India, makes this novel a must-read for anyone interested in understanding the challenges faced by those who are considered "untouchables."

Work Cited:

Anand, Mulk Raj. Untouchable. Penguin Modern Classics, 2014.

Asaduddin, M. "Untouchable - A Review." The Book Review, vol. 36, no. 6, 2012, pp. 17-18.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Mulk Raj Anand". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mulk-Raj-Anand. Accessed 14 March 2023.

Mittapalli, Rajeshwar. "Untouchable: A Critical Study." International Journal of English Language, Literature and Humanities, vol. 5, no. 7, 2017, pp. 172-180.

Panikkar, K. N. "Untouchable: A Critical Review." Social Scientist, vol. 40, no. 5/6, 2012, pp. 101-105.

Sharma, Nidhi. "Untouchable: A Review." The Literary Herald, vol. 4, no.

A Dance of The Forests

 Hello Everyone,

This blog is about Group Task Activity Act activity which was assigned task Yesha ma'am. This blog is based on Wole Soyinka’s play “A Dance of The Forests ''.  in this task My Group members was , Jheel Barad, Hinaba Sarvaiya and Divya Sheta explained part Two in this play. We have made one video for this task and have to upload it to a youtube  channel.

About Wole Soyinka

Wole Soyinka is a Nigerian playwright, poet, novelist, and essayist. He was born on July 13, 1934, in Abeokuta, Nigeria. He was the first African to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1986, recognized for his literary works that blend Yoruba mythology and Western culture. Soyinka has written over 20 plays, several novels, and numerous essays and poems, addressing political and social issues in Africa. He has been an activist and has been imprisoned several times for his activism against military regimes in Nigeria. Soyinka has taught at several universities in the US, UK, and Nigeria, and has received numerous awards for his contributions to literature and human rights.

About Play:

The play begins with a Dead Man and a Dead woman  breaking free from their burial in the soil in the middle of a forest. They ask those that pass by to "take their case." The Man and Woman were a captain and his wife in a past life and were tortured and killed by an Emperor by the name of Mata Kharibu and his Queen, nicknamed Madame Tortoise. The Dead Man and his wife have come to the Gathering of the Tribes, and were sent here by Aroni, a god, with permission from the Forest Head  in place of the forefathers that the living have requested to join them.

Four characters come through the forest initially: Rola , a prostitute, once known as Madame Tortoise and a queen from the previous life; Adenebi , a court historian in the time of the Emperor Mata Kharibu, now a council orator; Agboreko  who was a soothsayer to Mata Kharibu in a past life and plays the same role in this life; and finally, Demoke , who is now a carver but was once a poet in the court. Aroni has selected these four in order for them to gain knowledge about their past lives and to atone for their sins.

Another character, Obaneji, is actually the Forest Head disguised in human form. He invites the characters to join in a welcome dance for the Dead Man and Woman. Eshuoro , a wayward spirit seeking vengeance for the death of Oremole, Demoke's apprentice, comes and interrupts the proceedings. He claims that Demoke killed him by pulling him off the top of an araba tree they were carving, which caused him to fall to his death. Ogun, the god of carvers, stands up for Demoke against Eshuoro's claim. We learn that Demoke encouraged the cutting of the araba tree, and also that there was a great fire in which 65 of 70 people were killed.

As the play moves forward we are taken back in time into the court of Mata Kharibu, where we learn that the Dead Man was a soldier who led Karibu's men. The soldier refuses to go to war against another tribe because Kharibu has taken the tribe leader's wife, Madame Tortoise.

All of the characters from the earlier part of the play (but from later in time) are seen as the court counselors of Kharibu. They do not help the soldier, who is castrated and given to a slave dealer. The scene ends as the soldier's wife comes in, pregnant. It is left up to the audience to determine how she is killed.

The forests are then smoked out by humans with a petrol truck. The Forest Head says that he must "pierce the encrustations of soul-deadening habit, and bare the mirror of original nakedness." He exits knowing that he is alone in his fight. Demoke is led to climb up a totem he built by Eshuoro, who lights the totem on fire. Demoke falls and joins his father and the other mortals and they discuss what they have learned.

Here is Youtube link.. of  part 2

Mechanics of writing

 Hello! This blog is a response to an assigned task by Megha Trivedi ma’am. It deals with the Mechanics of Writing. This blog is based on the recorded video lectures by Dr. Kalyan Chattopadhyay and Prof. Atanu Bhattacharya. It deals with my learning from the videos. 

Acadmic Writing

Academic writing is a type of formal writing that is used in academic settings such as universities, research institutions, and scholarly publications. The purpose of academic writing is to convey information and ideas in a clear, concise, and organized manner, and to provide evidence to support arguments or claims.

Academic writing is typically characterized by its use of specialized terminology, formal tone, and rigorous methodology. It also often involves the use of citations and references to acknowledge the work of other scholars and to support the writer's own arguments.

Some common types of academic writing include research papers, essays, book reviews, and dissertations. These types of writing typically require a deep understanding of the subject matter, critical thinking skills, and the ability to present arguments in a clear and logical manner.

Non Acadmic Writing

Non-academic writing refers to any type of writing that is not intended for academic purposes or scholarly publications. Non-academic writing can take many different forms and can be written for a variety of different audiences, including creative writing, technical writing, and business writing.

Creative writing includes genres such as fiction, poetry, and creative non-fiction. These forms of writing are intended to entertain, evoke emotions, and stimulate the reader's imagination.

Technical writing is a type of writing that is used to explain complex technical concepts in a clear and concise manner. This type of writing is often used in the fields of science, engineering, and technology, and is intended to inform and educate the reader.

Business writing refers to any type of writing that is used in a professional or business setting. This can include emails, memos, reports, and other types of documents that are used to communicate within an organization or with external stakeholders.

Overall, non-academic writing is often characterized by its focus on communication and its ability to engage and persuade readers in a variety of different contexts.

Dr. Kalyan Chattopadhyay talked in the session on Academic Writing. He talked about the importance of linguistic markers to identify formal and informal writing and shared his views on Critical Writing.

1. Formal tone: Academic writing typically uses a formal tone that is objective, precise, and free of emotional or biased language. The tone should be appropriate to the topic, audience, and purpose of the writing.

2. Evidence-based: Academic writing relies heavily on evidence to support arguments and claims. This evidence is typically drawn from reliable sources, such as academic journals, books, and other scholarly publications.

3. Citations and references: Academic writing requires the use of citations and references to acknowledge the work of other scholars and to provide evidence to support arguments. These citations and references should follow a recognized citation style, such as APA or MLA.

Academic writing uses signaling expressions/ linguistic markers which are True, as a result, however, although, because of, etc. it needs to be used significantly and cautiously because it gives a turn to the arguments.

Video :2 Atanu Bhattacharya

Basic principles

1.What not to do

2.What can be done

3.Web tools

4.Case study

Writing tips:

• Writing an introduction of at least
• Create an indexed literature review: whether you use it in your work or not
• Be sure of the triangulated methods (looking at the same sets of data from various approaches)
• Do not repeat the same arguments
• Use available digital tools
• Follow the literature: do an act of writing something new

Making a choice in selecting authentic journals for publication. Web of Science and Scopus are the good ones and one can check out the authentic journals at the UGC Care website, and one can get the Journal rank in it.

The scale in academic writing

Publication scale – recognize journal

Technical terms, huge number of jargons, wide theoretical work

Alan David Sokal

How the problematic research can be painful by example of breast cancer.

A few takeaways

1. Writing has material effects

2. Avoid massive jargonization

3. Research and publication ethics

4. Carefully choose the topic

• Writing it up: a few tips

Create as indexed literature review

Be sure of the triangulated methods

• Do not repeat the same arguments

• Use available digital tools

• Follow the literature

Suggested many helpful digital tools for references as well as language

• Zotero
• Mendeley
• MS Word
• Language help

Types

• Verbatim or rephrasing without acknowledgments
• Inappropriate collaboration
• Other assistance with acknowledgments
• Cheating
• Duplication

Video:3 Atanu Bhattacharya

In this Another  part, he talked about the mechanics of Academic Writing for the specific purpose of Research in English Studies.

1.Triangulation method

2.What are the advantages of the merging two chapters like first of introduction and literature review?

3. humanities and social sciences

4. questionnaire method and its limitations (unreliable)

5. thematic analysis

• Language writing in academic writing

Formulating propositions/ defining

Can, may, often etc.

Whatever we are going to state in our research is not final so we should be with these kind of propositions.

• Swales’s CARS Model

Definition Purposes

JustificationLiterature review

Method 

Argument

Conclusion

• Organizing ideas
• Paraphrasing
  • Avoid repeating yourself. words/ ideas/sentences.
  • Avoid quoting someone else exactly
  • Change your vocabulary
  • Develop Your own ‘Voice’ in your writing

  
  

Introduction

The rational points- why are doing this research? Why this literature is important? how are you interested in that research? What is your position in that research? What is a personal point of interest?

• The thesis statement/ the topic sentence- what the research is about supported by other evidence. The sentence provides an idea of what research is about.

Passivization

The process of changing a verb or sentence into the passive: The subject of the sentence is hard to identify because of passivization. The research included transitive verbs that allow the passivization

Hedging language

The phenomenon of keeping the window open for other possibilities, ideas, and instances is called hedging. Modal verbs like can, may, and verbs like seem, appear, etc helps not to give absolute facts and keep the voice uncertain.

My way of classifying- This way of classifying