The Joys of Motherhood

 The title Emcheta's novel patently ironic, for it would seem that there are few joys associated with motherhood after all ?explain

About Buchi Emcheta

Buchi Emecheta, in full Florence Onyebuchi Emecheta, (born July 21, 1944, Lagos Nigeria—died January 25, 2017, London, England), igbo writer whose novels deal largely with the difficult and unequal role of women in both immigrant and African societies and explore the tension between tradition and modernity.

Most of Emecheta’s other novels—including The Bride Price (1976), The Slave Girl (1977), The Joys of Motherhood (1979), Destination Biafra (1982), and Double Yoke (1982)—are realistic works of fiction set in Nigeria. Perhaps her strongest work, The Rape of Shavi (1983), is also the most difficult to categorize. Set in an imaginary idyllc African kingdom, it explores the dislocations that occur when a plane carrying Europeans seeking to escape an immeniate nuclear disaster crashes.

Characters of the novel:

About the Novel 

The Joys of Motherhood is a novel written by Buchi Emecheta. It was first published in London, UK, by Allison & Busby in 1979 and was first published in Heinemann's African Writers Series in 1980 and reprinted 1982, 2004, 2008.

Summary of the Novel

The book opens as Nnu Ego runs away from her home in Lagos, Nigeria, where her first baby has just died. She has decided to commit suicide.

The story flashes back to the story of how Nnu Ego was conceived. Her father, Agbadi, though he has many wives, is in love with a proud and haughty young woman named Ona. Ona refuses to marry him because she is obligated to produce a son for her father's family line, and not a husband's. But when Agbadi is almost killed in a hunting accident, Ona nurses him back to health and becomes pregnant with his child. She agrees that if it's a daughter, the child will belong to Agbadi. Nnu Ego is Agbadi's favorite daughter and she grows into a beautiful young woman. Her first marriage is to the son of another wealthy and titled family. Unfortunately, the marriage soon grows sour because Nnu Ego fails to have children. Her husband takes a second wife, who quickly conceives. Nnu Ego grows thin and worn out because she's so unhappy. She goes back to live with her father, who arranges a second marriage.

Nnu Ego's second marriage is to Nnaife, a man who works in Lagos as the washer for a white family, Dr. and Mrs. Meers. Though Nnu Ego is disappointed with Nnaife – he isn't her ideal man – she quickly becomes pregnant. This is the child that dies and propels her to almost commit suicide by jumping off a bridge.

When she's talked out of jumping off the bridge, Nnu Ego returns home and becomes pregnant again rather quickly. World war second interferes in Nnu Ego's and Nnaife's happiness. The Meers return to Europe, and Nnaife is out of work for months while Nnu Ego supports the family through petty trade. Nnaife eventually gets work on a ship, which means he's gone for months at a time. Nnu Ego struggles to make ends meet while he's gone. When he finally returns, it's only to be greeted by the news that his elder brother has died and Nnaife has inherited all his brother's wives and children. Most of the wives remain in Ibuza, but Adaku comes to Lagos and moves in with Nnu Ego and Nnaife.

Nnu Ego learns to become the senior wife, and to share Nnaife's pitiful salary with Adaku and her children. Life is a constant struggle for survival, but it only gets worse when Nnaife is conscripted into the army and sent to fight in world war second  He's gone for four years. His wives must wait patiently with no news and no salary.

Adaku takes up trading to support herself and her two children, while Nnu Ego struggles to support her four children. Nnu Ego goes home to Ibuza because her father dies. During her long absence, Adaku's trading becomes very successful, while Nnu Ego's dwindles to nothing. Nnu Ego has to start all over again, but she is jealous of Adaku's success. The two women have a conflict, and the family men settle in favor of Nnu Ego even though she's wrong. It turns out that the men side with Nnu Ego because she is the senior wife. Adaku finally recognizes that because she is the junior wife and has only has daughters, her position in the family is nothing. She leaves to become a prostitute.

After many years, Nnu Ego discovers that she has been sent three years of Nnaife's salary. She is finally able to pay her children's school fees and feed them well. Nnaife arrives home not long after. The war is over. He apparently feels the sting of Adaku's defection because he decides to go home and assert his rights of inheritance with his brother's eldest wife, Adankwo. He gets her pregnant and brings home yet another wife, a young girl named Okpo.

Nnu Ego is frustrated. They can hardly afford the children they have, yet Nnaife keeps fathering more children and demanding more wives. Yet Okpo is a good girl, and has the same traditional values that Nnu Ego has, so their relationship is a good one, almost like that of a mother and daughter. Nnaife surprises everybody when he offers the rest of his military money to pay for Oshia's expensive schooling. (Oshia is Nnaife and Nnu Ego's second child , but the first to live.) The expectation is that Oshia will graduate and get a good job and help pay for his younger brothers' schooling, as well as provide for his parents in their old age.

Oshia has other ideas, however. He wants to continue with university in America. His disregard for his own duties as the first-born son causes his parents great anguish. Nnaife is never the same again after he feels betrayed by Oshia. When his daughter, Kehinde, breaks his rules by running away with a Yoruba man, he assaults the father of Kehinde's husband. Sent to prison, Nnaife blames Nnu Ego for all his problems. Whatever love he once hand for her has turned to bitter hatred.

With Oshia in America, and Adim (Nnaife and Nnu Ego's third child and second living son) working and paying for his own schooling, and her two oldest daughters settled in marriages, Nnu Ego moves back to Ibuza. She is not welcome on Nnaife's family's compound so she moves into her father's old household with her youngest children. She lives out the rest of her days there. When she dies, her children finally come home – Oshia from America and Adim from Canada – and throw her an expensive funeral.

Title of the novel is patently ironic 

The title Emcheta's novel patently ironic, because through out novel there is nothing about joys which is related with motherhood after all. As in the novel Nnu Ego  has giving birth after birth to children These joys include being taken care of in her old age, being surrounded by grandchildren, and being honored as a wife and mother. Nnu Ego struggles with infertility in her first marriage, and consequently feels like a failed woman. Not surprisingly, she is delighted when she gets pregnant immediately after marrying Nnaife, her second husband.

Child after child is born over the ensuing years, and each time Nnu Ego is grateful, until she realizes that her children are the chain around her neck. She ekes out a living through most of her life, investing in her future by paying for her children's education. But her children fail to reciprocate their mother's sacrifices, even though she does her best to set them up well in life.

Fertility is an extremely important aspect of any African society. Children are not only an important social security system, but are also an important source of labor power. In West African societies, people are wealth and are more valuable than money or material items. Because it is difficult to clear land for farming, and because farming is essential to survival, West African societies evolved an intense need for people. The more access you had to people, the more labor power you controlled and, thus, the greater tracts of land you could successfully farm. Anthropologists use the term "big man" to describe those men in West Africa who commanded political power by accumulating the labor power of people through marriage, slavery, and having children.

 

Literature review

This blog is wrote as a response of thinking activity which is given by Dr.Dilip Barad sir. We have to give answer about the two question in the task here I have given the answer of that questions.

What is Literature review?

A literature review is a piece of academic writing demonstrating knowledge and understanding of the academic literature on a specific topic placed in context.  A literature review also includes a critical evaluation of the material; this is why it is called a literature review rather than a literature report. It is a process of reviewing the literature, as well as a form of writing.

Literature review helps the researcher  for further research for their interested topic. Literature review can help researcher that what  has been researched till the time and what  is remain for  research in that particular subject.

Why Literature Review carried out in research?

By A Literature review A researcher  can get idea about what type topic can be selected and it also help researcher to get knowledge and idea of that particular subject or field. Literature review can help researcher  for depth grasp for the particular topic or field. Review  of literature can helps researcher to find out the gap it also points out areas that require further investigation and thus aid as a starting point of any future research

Review of literature also gives an idea  the current research place in the schema of a particular field

Shifting centres and Emerging Margins :Translation and shaping of modernist poetic discourse in indian poetry

Shifting  centres and Emerging Margins: 

Translation and shaping of modernist poetic discourse in indian poetry 

This chapter examines role played by translation in shaping a modernist poetic sensibility some of the major literary traditions of India in 20th century between 1950 and 1970. Translations of major European poets such as Baudelaire like Eliot and Yeats contributed towards clearing space for modernist discourse in Indian poetry. The chapter will study examples from Bengali, Malayalam and Marathi, to understand how such translations of modern Western poets were used to breach the hegemony of prevailing literary sensibilities and poetic modes.  

Many of major indian poets  such as Buddhadeb Bose, Agyeya, , Gopala Krishna Adiga  Dilip Chitre and Ayyapa Panikar were also translator. Their translator were foreignising Translations and disrupted cultural codes that legislated regimes of reading and writing poetry. Translations during early phase of modernism  in the major indian languages appeared in little magazine that played a critical role in opening up poetic discourse. Modernist writers were responding to the internal dynamics of their own traditions in selectively assimilating an alien poetic that could be regressive or subversive depending on the context and the content. 

Poets such as Neruda and Parra were widely translated into Indian languages during this phase. In this context, translation enacted a critical act of evaluation, a creative act of intervention, and a performative act of legitimation, in evolving a new poetic style during the modernist phase of Indian poetry.

While the modernism that emerged in Indian literature shared many of these defining features, its political affiliations and ideological orientations were markedly different. Due to its postcolonial location, the Indian modernism did not share the imperial or metropolitan aspirations of its European counterpart. The emerging problematic will have to contend with issues of ideological differences between the Western modernism and the Indian one, the different trajectories they traversed as a result of the difference in socio- political terrains and the dynamics of the relations between the past and the present in the subcontinent. 

André Lefevere's concept of translation as refraction/ writing, the chapter argues that 'rewritings' or 'refractions' found in the less obvious form of criticism..., commentary, historiography (of the plot summary of famous works cum evaluation type, in which the evaluation is unabashedly based on the current concept of what "good" literature should be), teaching, the collection of works in anthologies, the production of plays' (2000, 235) are also instances of translation. Hence, an essay on T. S. Eliot in Bengali by Sudhindranath Dutta, or a scathing critique in Malayalam on the poetic practices of Vallathol Narayana Menon by Ayyappa Paniker, can also be described as 'translational' writings as they have elements of translation embedded in them.

Modernity' and 'modernism in the Indian context will need a separate chapter. For the purpose of our discussion, it may be broadly stated that 'modernity' designates an epochal period of wide-ranging transformations brought about by the advent of colonialism, capitalist economy, industrial mode of production. Western models of education, assimilation of rationalized temper, resurgence of nationalist spirit and emergence of social, political, legal, juridical and educational institutions that constituted a normative subjectivity embodied with cosmopolitan and individualist world views.

The project of modernity in India was implicated in colonialism and imperialism. This colonial modernity informed literary and cultural movements, beginning from the reformist movement of the nineteenth century to the modernist movement of the mid-twentieth century.

The modernist revolt in india was a response to disruption brought about by  colonial modernity  as Dilip  chitre observes that, what a took nearly  a century and half to happen in England, happened within hurried half century in indian literatures. 

While introducing the works of B. S. Mardhekar, a major Marathi modernist, Chitre says. The poet B. S. Mardhekar was the most remarkable product of the cross-pollination between the deeper, larger native tradition and contemporary world culture'. It has been argued that the idea of a self-referential or self-validating literary text which is central to modernist poetic, is rooted in an ideology of the aesthetic that was complicit with colonialism. But one has to note that modernist sensibility, as it appeared in Indian languages was essentially oppositional in content.

D.R.Nagaraj has pointed out that as nationalism become the ideology of the nation-state, writers who had earlier found nationalism to be a form of resistance to colonialism, retreated to individualism. He adds, 'When ideologies like nationalism and spirituality become apparatuses of the state, a section of the intelligentsia has no option other than to seek refuge in bunkers of individualism'

Chronologically, in twentieth dimension to the aesthetic of Indian modernism. 

How are we to century? The postcolonial context adds a complex political evaluate the modernisms that emerged in the postcolonial phase in India? Critics such as Simon Gikandi, Susan Friedman, Laura Doyle and Laura Winkiel, and Aparna Dharwadker have argued that non-Western modernisms are not mere derivative versions of a European hegemonic practice.

 in the third part of article modernists. R. Sasidhar writes,

If European modernism was drawn between the euphoric and the reactive, in Kannada the precipitate modernism was drawn between the Brahminical and the non-Brahminical. Just as the cuphoric and the reactive modernisms were part of the internal dynamics of modernism itself, so also the Brahmanical and the non-Brahmanical modernisms in Kannada were part and parcel of a modernism that came as a reaction to the Nehruvian environment.

Buddhadeb Bose, another Bengali modernist, rendered 112 poems of Charles Baudelaire's The Flowers of Evil into Bengali, apart from translating Rainer Maria Rilke, Friedrich Hölderlin, Ezra Pound, e. c. cummings, Wallace Stevens and Boris Pasternak. Ayyappa Paniker translated European poets into Malayalam, while B. S. Mardhekar's Arts and the Man. 

Mardhekar intervened in Marathi literary tradition as an insider who had mastered the insights given by an alien tradition. Mardhekar's creative reclamation of tradition is a response to the disruption of a moral order in his culture. He had to invent a language to articulate this fragmentation.

Like Mardhekar, Ayyappa Paniker also began as a Romantic poet but transformed himself into a modernist with a long poetic sequence titled Kurukshetram published in 1960. He published a translation of The Love Song of Alfred J. Prufrock in his journal in 1953.

Kurkshetram is a poem of 294 lines in five sections The opening lines of the Bhagavad Gita are cited as the epigraph of the poem

The eyes suck and sip

The tears that spurt;

The nerves drink up the coursing blood,

And it is the bones that

Eat the marrow here

While the skin preys on the bones

The roots turn carnivore

As they prey on the flowers

While the earth in bloom

Clutches and tears at the roots.

It is important to understand the indigenous roots/routes of modernity and modernism in all the three writers discussed above. They partake of the logic of a postcolonial society which had already developed internal critiques of Western modernity.

Conclusion

The modernist subject was fragmented and fractured in the Indian context, but not for reasons that constituted fragmented selves in the Western context. Colonial modernity operated within the Indian context as a realm of desire which brought into being a new social imaginary.

Translation Studies

 Article :1

History in Translation

Abstract:

The article examines positive or uto-pian response to the post colonial condition developed by Tejaswini Niranjana in situating translation her attempt to harness translation in the service of decolonization it traces a postcolonial myth moving from Pre coloniality through recent colonial past and current post coloniality to an imagined future state of decolonization or der to contrast nationalist version of that myth with their emphasis or purity of  precolonial and decolonize states to postcolonial version which insist that all for states are mixed.

This article divided in three part in the first part she talks about situating translation 

SITUATING TRANSLATION

In a postcolonial context the problem of translation becomes a significant site for raising question of representation power and historicity. The context is one of contesting  and contested stories attempting to account for, to recount the asymmetry and inequality of relationship between peoples , races and languages.

one such site is translation. translation as a practice shapes, and take shapes within  the asymmetrical  relationship of power that operate under colonialism. Translation depends on the western philosophical notion of reality, representation and knowledge. Reality is seen as something unproblematic out there knowledge involves a representation of these reality and representation provides direct unmediated access to a transparent reality. 

Simultaneously, translation in the colonial contest produces and supports conceptual economy that works into the discourse of western philosophy to function as a philosopheme (a basic unit of philosphical conceptuality). As Jacques Derrida suggests, the concepts of metaphysics are not bound by or produced by solely within the field of philosophy, translation brings into being overarching concepts of reality and representation. 

The Hegelian conception of history that translation helps bring into being endorses a teleological hieararchical model of civilizations based on the coming consciousness of spirit and event for which the non-western cultures are unsuited or unprepared. 

Here the concern of Tejaswini is to explore the place of translation in contemptory Euro-American literary theory through a set of inter-related readings.

In second chapter, she examines hoe translation works in the traditional discourse of translation studies and in ethnographic writing. In 3,4 and 5 chapter she focuses on the work of Paul de man, Jacques Derrida and Walter Benjamin. In the final chapter she discusses about uses of post-structuralism in post-colonial phase.

TRANSLATION AS AN INTERPELLATION

A.Maconochie a scholar connected with the university of Edinburgh, urged the british soverign t take steps as maybe necessary for discovering, collecting and translating whatever is extant of the ancient works of hindoos. William Jones, who arrived in India in 1783 to take his place on the bench of supreme court in Calcutta-that translation would serve to domesticate the orient and thereby turn it into a province of European learning.

As translator and scholar, Jones was responsible for the most influential introduction of a textualized India to Europe. Jones, whose persian translations and grammar of persian had already made him famous as an orientalist.

Here, Tejaswini's main concern in examining the texts of Jones is not necessarily to compare his translation of Shakuntala or Manu's dharmashastra with so-called originals. What she proposes to do is to examine the outwork of Jones's translation- the prefaces, the annual discourses to the asiatic society, his charges to the grand jury at Calcutta, his laters and oriental poems- to show how how contributes to a historicist telelogical model of civilization that coupled with a notion of translation presupposing transparency of representation. 

The most significant notes of Jones's works are

A) The need for  translation by the European, since the natives are unreliable interpreters of their own loss and culture.

B) The desire to be law giver, to give the Indians their own laws.

C)  The desire to purify Indian culture and speak on its behalf.

By Indian Tejaswini means that whole extent of the country in which religion and languages of hinuds prevail at this day with more or less of their ancient purity.

Before coming to India, Jones had formulated solution for the problem of translation of Indian law. Writing to Lord Cornwallis in 1788, he mentions once again the deceiving native lawyers and in reliability of their opinions.

William Jones and christian missionaries like the Serampore Baptist William Carey and William Ward. The later were among the first to translate Indian religious texts into European languages. Often these were works they had themselves textualize by preparing standard version based on classical western notion of unity and  coherance.

Mill declares that to ascertain the true state of the hindus in the scale of civilization is of the greatest practical importance for the British.The critique of historicism may help us formulate a complex notion of historicity which would include the effective history.

THE QUESTION OF HISTORY

In a recent essay Fredric Jameson's the political unconsciousness, Samuel Weber charges Jameson with using gesture of capitalising history to address the challenge of post-structuralists thought. M.H.Abram and others now read like the disparing cries of traditional literary historians intent on preserving their notion of tradition, continuity and historical context  against the onslaught of a violent, disreputive. 

If the former polimicize against history as phallogocentrism, the later argue that is an untrancendable horizion. neither specify whether the history in the question refers to a mode of writing history or to past itself.

here the concern of tejaswini is not to elaborate on the battle of history now being staged in Euro-American theory but to ask series of question from strategically partial perspective that of an emergent post-colonial practice willing to profit from inside of post-structuralism  while the same time demanding ways of writings history in order to make sense of how subjectification operates.

she takes historicity to mean although not unproblematically or effective history or that part of past or that is still operative in present. here the concern of author being with "local" practices. she indicates earlier post-colonials have good reasons to be suspicious of teleological historicism Derrida rightly characterized as a manifestation of western metaphysics. history is a process without telos or subject of repudiation  of master narratives.

Aluthsser  is an absent cause that it is like Jacques Lacan's real  inaccessible to use concept of textual form. the notion  that history  can be apprehended only its effect. 

 

For the second article click here

Plagiarism and Academic integrity

What is plagiarism?

 In simple words, Plagiarism means the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own or presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement.

Definition of plagiarism

According to The Merriam Webster dictionary defines the act of plagiarism as; “to steal and pass off ideas or words of another as one’s own”. Simply put, plagiarism is the process of taking other people’s words and/or ideas and pretending that they are your own. An alternative definition of plagiarism is forwarded by the 

Collins Dictionary which explains that plagiarism is the practice of using someone else’s work and pretending that it is your own. Plagiarism can also be defined as the act of deliberately trying to deceive your academic tutor by submitting content which is not your own work.

Consequences of Plagiarism

The charge  of plagiarism is serious one for all writers .plagiarist are often seen as incompetent incapable of developing and express for their personal gain.  when professional writers such as journalist are exposing as plagiarist  they are likely to lose their jobs and they are always the course of writer's career is permanently affected by a single act of plagiarism

students exposed as plagiarist may suffer after severe penalties ranging from failure from assignment in the assignment or in the expulsion in the school. this is because of student plagiarism does not considerable harm for one thing it damages student relationship with students turning teachers in detectives instead of mentors or fostering suspicion instead of trust by undermining institutional standards for assigning grades and awarding degrees  student plagiarism also became matter of significance to the public.

when graduates skills and knowledge fail to match their grades an institution reputation is damage. students who plagiarize harm them selves they lose their important opportunity  to learn how to right research paper.

FORMS OF PLAGIARISM

1.Repeating or paraphrasing wording

suppose for example  that you want to use material in the following passage which is written here i wrote the example of it.

Original: Her life spanned years of incredible change for women. 

 Paraphrase: Mary lived through an era of liberating reform for women.

2.Taking particular apt phrase

If we borrow particular apt phrase  from any writer then we need to cite the name of that particular person 

EX: if  we use the word Taya-ji which is borrowed from hindi language by chetan bhagat in the novel revolution 2020 then we have to cite chetan bhagat.

Paraphrasing an Argument or Presenting a line of thinking.

if we are reading something and then we get some idea about the further thing then also we need to cite that particular article or text Even if we don’t copy-paste a complete phrase or sentence

Why Academic integrity is necessary? write your views 

Definition of Academic integrity 

Academic integrity means acting in a way that is honest, fair, respectful and responsible in your studies and academic work. It means applying these values in your own work, and also when you engage with the work and contributions of others. 

Why Academic  integrity is necessary?

1.Fosters the Growth

When students are encouraged to come up with their own ideas it leads to their own development. Students will work harder to come up with original ideas if they are prevented from imitating others. They will engage in brainstorming and make the most of their abilities to come up with fresh, novel ideas. They begin to believe in themselves in this way, which opens the door for their development.

2.Scope for Skill Development

Students' latent talents and abilities will come to light when they are encouraged to complete their assignments independently. Additionally, it helps individuals grow their  soft skills. which will aid them in accomplishing their objectives. These abilities will be beneficial throughout their academic career and in the workplace in the future. Moreover, it helps students gain confidence in themselves as individuals who can achieve things on their own without help from others around them.

3.Knowledge Acquisition

Students truly learn when they finish their assignments without engaging in academic dishonesty. The learning concepts become thorough for them. Say for example, if a student cheats in an examination he/she puts their future in jeopardy. Moreover, the student will not be learning anything from their class lessons. If students don’t learn anything from their school, they will fail to achieve greater things in life. Hence, in this way, academic dishonesty hinders knowledge acquisition.

Conclusion:

Academic integrity is important for students' personality and academic growth. Therefore, it is critical that the students understand the value of academic integrity in their academic careers. Practicing academic integrity would be beneficial for them in every facet of their life. Hence, schools should promote academic integrity among students and take measures to eliminate academic dishonesty among students.

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Thematic study of the poem you laughed, laughed and laughed

About poet:

Gabriel Okara, in full Gabriel Imomotimi Gbaingbain Okara, (born April 21, 1921, Bumodi, Nigeria—died March 25, 2019, Yenagoa, Nigeria), Nigerian poet and novelist whose verse had been translated into several languages by the early 1960s.

A largely self-educated man, Okara became a bookbinder after leaving school and soon began writing plays and features for radio. In 1953 his poem “The Call of the River Nun” won an award at the Nigerian Festival of Arts. Some of his poems were published in the influential periodical Black Orpheus, and by 1960 he was recognized as an accomplished literary craftsman.

About Poem:

Gabriel Okara's poem consists of 10 stanzas and describes the interplay of different interpretations of the same sounds, sights, and dances The interaction that takes place within the poem is commonly thought to be between a white colonialist and an African native. The poem follows a trope in African literature of "The White Man Laughed", which embodies the notion of dismay and cynical derision of the beliefs, practices, and norms of an African. However, Okara's poem can be seen to transcend the acceptance of the derision of the White Man and present a wiser African intellectual. The poem concludes with the African teaching the White Man of his ignorance and helping him realize that the native beliefs of the African are not primitive nor removed from intellectual thought.

Themes of the poem:

1.Racism:

The poet mainly focuses on the theme racism faced by the people in Africa and also brought out the problems and suffering faced by black, created by white, they did not understand the feeling of black people who suffered with pain given by white. The entry of European language paved way to the white people to enter Africa and the try to make African’s as their slave. The white people laughed at black natives for whatever things they do. They sing song which brought out the pain, emotion of the people was not understood by the white people, its sounds them as misfiring and choking of car which has stopped. The sound of song was harsh, and it was criticized and laughed by white.

 “In your ears my song Is motor car misfiring Stopping with a choking cough And you laughed and laughed and laughed”

The natives are not stylish are modern when compared to white people, they have a clumsy figure. They were mocked for their walk and it was said has an ‘Ante natal ‘which is an immature man’s walk. The clumsy figure was overwhelmed by the extraordinary power which they gained naturally, that was not noticed by white and laughed for their appearance.

The white people did not treat the natives as a ordinary human they did not understand the inner feeling of native and dominate by their appearance, colour and their actions. Black natives were laughed by the white people. By the laughing of white people the readers can easily get idea about racism in poem as well as in Africa.

2.Cultural Conflict:

in the poem it can be observed that there was a cultural conflict between black and white people as the word motorcar used in the poem it shows that there is western culture also and it followed by white people. Black people have more powerful body than Whites, and that’s why they have different style of walking – White people make fun of that style of walking etc they laughed and laughed and laughed at each and everything thing this how cultural conflict is their between both the cultural.

3.Modernism

in the poem there is concept of modernism also but in the poem that is also can be seen that poet describe about nature and the white people ignoring the beauty of it. sits in the motor car and they are laughing towards the black people and here the motorcar used itself shows about the modernism.

4.Colonialism

Colonialism is defined as “control by one power over a dependent area or people.” It occurs when one nation subjugates another, conquering its population and exploiting it, often while forcing its own language and cultural values upon its people.

here it can be observed that black people are overpowering by the white people as they are laughing at their culture their clumsy walk and at  their dance or it can be said that the white people believes that they are superior than the black. so by that way the concept of colonialism can be seen in the poem

5.Nationalism

The concept of nationalism can be seen here by the word used here that the magic dance by the native people. here  in the last stanza poem has used the warmth of the nature itself suggest that the native people are enjoying the nature rather than the materialistic life. 

Conclusion

The poem concludes with the African man teaching the White Man of his ignorance and helping him realize that the native beliefs of the African are not primitive nor removed from intellectual thought.

Thematic Study of poem Vultures by Chinua Achebe

About  the Poet  Chinua Achebe

Chinua Achebe (1930 – 2013) was a Nigerian poet and writer. His first novel Things Fall Apart often considered his best, is the most widely read book in modern African literature. He won the Man Booker International Prize in 2007. In 1962 he attended an executive conference of African writers in English at the Makerere University College in Kampala, Uganda. He met with important literary figures from around the continent and the world, including Nobel poet Wole Soyinka and US poet-author Langston Hughes. I can write poetry, he said, something short, intense more in keeping with my mood ... All this is creating in the context of our struggle. One of his most famous poems was Refugee Mother and Child who spoke to the suffering and loss that surrounded him.

About The poem Vultures

This first stanza of ‘Vultures’ begins with a

 relentlessly long sentence filled with dark, sullen descriptions. Achebe uses alliteration in the second and third lines: “and drizzle of one despondent/ dawn unstirred by harbingers.” But this is an enjambed line and so doesn’t give the ebb and flow usually associated with alliteration. This helps to emphasize the bleak tone Achebe is trying to achieve.

In second stanza, Achebe skillfully contrasts the “light” of love with the “dark” of death by mentioning that in this darkest of environments, the “charnel-house,”  a storage place for corpses, there is the presence of love. he personify love itself.

The third stanza throws the poem ‘Vultures’ on its head somewhat. It cleverly constructs the character of the “Commandant at Belsen”. His description is not particularly flattering. The commandant’s only physical description includes his “hairy nostrils” but his actions are kind and very human. He brings chocolate home for his child. A kind gesture and not actions one would probably associate with a war criminal.

In the final stanza, Achebe brings the poem to a close, by describing how even the “ogre” that is the commandant has a soft side, which was shown in the preceding stanza. He emphasizes the solace that should be taken in this small mercy “praise bounteous providence”. His language here is particularly emphatic and evokes fantastic contrasts.

Thematic study of Poem Vultures

Nazism:

Nazism, also spelled Naziism, in full National Socialism, German Nationalsozialismus, totalitarian movement led by Hitler as head of the Nazi party in Germany. In its intense Nationalism mass appeal, and dictatorial rule, Nazism shared many elements with Italian facism. However, Nazism was far more extreme both in its ideas and in its practice. In almost every respect it was an anti-intellectual and atheoretical movement, emphasizing the will of the charsimastic dictator as the sole source of inspiration of a people and a nation, as well as a vision of annihilation of all enemies of the Aryan Volk as the one and only goal of Nazi policy.

in the poem the concept of Nazism can be seen in the third stanza This section is introduced and concluded with ellipses, as if to suggest that the train of thought that the speaker was following (about the vultures loving each other, and the surprising occurrence of love in the most unlikely places) has now led him to another example of this same phenomenon – the Nazi Commandant at the Belsen concentration camp.

Vulture As Metaphor

Human have very scary, or dangerous bird etc concept in mind. Poet tells that in poem vultures eat humans after it's dead and that's the part of their lives. But man are killing humans as the part of their job. So in real sense humans are more harmful or merciless then birds. So here vulture is used as metaphor. Vultures are far better then humans. Because humans can do anything for money or as a part of job.

Ecology:

vultures are known as part of nature. they are also help human in the ecology. Vultures are often overlooked as lowly scavengers. However, they are a key component to maintaining healthy ecosystems. Because of their role as nature’s garbage disposers, vultures are able to keep the environment clean and free of contagious diseases. These birds have an extremely corrosive stomach acid that allows them to consume rotting animal corpses. These scavenged leftovers are often infected with anthrax, botulinum toxins, rabies, and hog cholera that would otherwise kill other scavengers. By ridding the ground of dead animals, vultures prevent diseases from spreading to humans and animals.

The work of vultures is what is often referred to as ecosystem services, and this example from Spain illustrates the benefit the people receive from these birds, often without even realising.

Humanism

In first stanza  appearance of Vulture is described that it's ugly looking bird.Eating in ugly way. vultures cruelty that is sitting on the branch of dead tree and having eye on dead body.

In next lines poet shows the cruelty of commandant. That they kill the Jews and keep them in charnel house. Animals are not cruel they does things as the part of their system but humans heart are cruel because they have ability to think to go on the path of good or evil. But they choose to be evil it's their choice.

Ego v/s Eco

As we can see in today's time that humans are damaging  the nature for satisfaction of their ego. humans are threat to nature. when the animals are better then the humans they are helps the environment and because of the animals Ecology system can be balanced. which is already harmed by humans.

Vulture v/s Humans

Vultures are harmless, despite the chilling role they play in stories and myths. They dine mostly on dead animals and have no incentive to attack humans. In fact, vultures are beneficial for people because they are extremely efficient at removing human and animal waste from our towns, villages and roads.

when the humans are destroy the nature  for their needs. they are not even think about environment they are disturbing the ecology system. humans are harming the nature by doing some action.

Conclusion

The ending/conclusion of the poem is ambiguous/two sided. On one hand, Achebe praises God and providence that even the cruellest of creatures can show love. On the other hand, these creatures show love for their families only and continue to commit cruel acts towards others.

Thematic study of poem you laughed, laughed and laughed